Mastering Twitch Streaming on Your PC: The Ultimate Guide
Intro
Streaming has become a worldwide phenomenon in recent years, with platforms like Twitch taking the lead in connecting gamers and audiences. It’s more than just broadcasting gameplay; it’s about building a community, sharing experiences, and even showcasing talent. Launching your Twitch journey from a PC, however, can feel like navigating a maze without a map. This guide is aimed at helping you chart your course through the intricate landscape of PC streaming.
Understanding the core requirements for streaming is foundational to your success. You’ll want to consider your hardware carefully—nothing too cutting-edge, but not something that’ll lag at crucial moments either. On the software side, many options can leave you scratching your head, each with their unique settings and capabilities. The importance of making the right choices here cannot be overstated, especially when first impressions are essential for viewer engagement.
Key Points to Discuss
You can expect to dive deep into the specifics of hardware choices and configurations, with a focus on optimizing settings for smooth streaming. Adding to that, tips for engaging with your audience, the lifeblood of your Twitch channel, are essential. We'll also cover how to promote your content on the platform, ensuring that your streams don’t go unnoticed in the ever-crowded space of Twitch.
Now, let’s get into the nitty-gritty of what it takes to successfully stream on Twitch from your PC. Whether you’re a seasoned gamer or just starting out, this guide aims to streamline your journey through the streaming landscape.
Intro to Twitch Streaming
In the ever-expanding universe of online entertainment, Twitch stands out as a colossal platform for live streaming, especially in the gaming sector. Understanding the intricacies of Twitch streaming is vital, as this knowledge shapes how potential streamers approach their craft. Twitch isn't just about playing games live; it's about building a community, sharing experiences, and fostering engagement. As we'll explore in this guide, this platform provides an opportunity for individuals to showcase their skills, host live events, and interact with viewers in real time.
Benefits of Streaming on Twitch
One may wonder, why put the effort into Twitch streaming? The answer is layered. Here are some key benefits:
- Visibility: With millions of daily viewers, the chances for exposure are sky-high.
- Community Building: Streamers have the power to create personal connections with their audience, oftentimes forming tight-knit communities.
- Monetization Opportunities: As streamers grow their audience, they can unlock various monetization options such as subscriptions and donations.
- Skill Development: Streaming demands proficiency not just in gameplay but in communication and technology, giving streamers a chance to enhance multiple skill sets.
Before diving into streaming, it’s crucial to have a firm grasp of the platform's operations and the other elements involved. Let’s break it down further.
Preliminary Considerations
Before diving headfirst into the exhilarating world of Twitch streaming, it's essential to pause and ponder a few key elements that can define your journey. This phase, often overlooked, sets the groundwork for your entire streaming experience. By being methodical at this stage, streamers can ensure they’re not blindly rushing into a complex venture.
Understanding why these preliminary considerations matter can make a world of difference. You cannot get lost in the nuances of streaming without a clear idea of what you want to achieve or the rules you'll need to follow. A misguided step at this stage might lead to confusion or even a complete halt later on.
Assessing Your Goals for Streaming
Setting clear goals is akin to drawing a roadmap for your streaming career. Do you want to stream for fun, or are you aiming to build a significant following and turn it into a lucrative venture? Perhaps you wish to showcase your gameplay abilities or even educate others as a Twitch teacher? These decisions shape how you present yourself and how you interact with your audience.
- Identify Your Purpose: Knowing your purpose can guide your content style. If you're streaming for enjoyment, casual chats might suffice. For professional setups, more meticulous planning is required.
- Understand Your Audience: What kind of demographic are you hoping to attract? This knowledge will shape not only your streaming style but also how you engage with viewers.
- Set Measurable Goals: Objectives like achieving a certain number of followers or average viewers can help keep you accountable. Using tools such as Twitch's analytics can help assess your progress.
Understanding Twitch Community Guidelines
Before you hit that “go live” button, familiarizing yourself with Twitch’s community guidelines is not only smart but necessary. Ignorance isn’t bliss in this arena; it can lead to severe consequences like account suspension. Twitch, like any social platform, has its dos and don’ts.
- Content Restrictions: Some content, like hate speech or nudity, is strictly prohibited. It's vital to align your streams with these guidelines to ensure a trouble-free experience.
- Interactions: How you engage with others can also be a sticky wicket. Be mindful of your chat interactions. Moderation is key, especially if your channel grows.
- Report Violations: If you witness any violations during your streaming, report them to maintain a positive environment.
By taking the time to assess what you want from your streaming experience and adapting your strategies to fit within Twitch’s guidelines, you position yourself for smoother sailing ahead. No one wants their Twitch journey cut short due to oversights that could’ve been easily avoided.
"Planning for streaming success is half the battle; executing well within accepted boundaries is the other half."
Diving into the world of Twitch is thrilling, but remember that with great power comes great responsibility. Ensure you’ve laid a solid foundation for your streaming career before pushing that live button.
Essential Hardware for Streaming
When it comes to streaming on Twitch, the hardware you use is akin to a painter's brushes and palette: the better your tools, the more effective your art. Essential hardware sets the stage for an engaging experience that keeps viewers coming back for more. It’s vital to grasp how each element contributes not only to your streaming quality but also to your overall performance.
PC Specifications: What You Need
The heart of your streaming setup is naturally the PC. For a smooth streaming experience, you'll want at least an Intel i5 or an AMD Ryzen 5 processor paired with 16GB of RAM. These specifications may seem standard, but having these in your corner will allow you to run your streaming software alongside the game without breaking a sweat.
Don't skimp on the graphics card; a solid GPU like the NVIDIA GTX 1660 or AMD Radeon RX 560 will elevate your stream's quality. These graphics units ensure that your visuals don't stutter or freeze, which could drive away viewers faster than you can say "buffering."
- Processor: Aim for Intel i5/Ryzen 5 or better
- RAM: Minimum of 16GB recommended
- Graphics Card: Look for GTX 1660 or Radeon RX 560
Audio and Video Equipment
Microphones
A great microphone can make or break your stream. Viewers want to hear you loud and clear, without intrusive background noise. The Blue Yeti microphone has gained popularity for its versatility and quality. With clarity that can capture your voice crisply, it’s a solid choice for gamers.
The unique aspect of the Blue Yeti is its multiple pickup patterns, allowing you to adjust based on whether you are solo streaming or doing a podcast with friends. However, you must remember that placement matters: if too far away, the audio may lose its depth.
- Key Characteristic: Versatile pickup patterns
- Advantages: Excellent sound quality
- Disadvantages: Can pick up background noise if not positioned correctly
Cameras
In today’s climate of avid streamers, having a camera that provides a sharp image is essential. The Logitech C920 is frequently recommended due to its affordability and superb video quality. It gives a crisp, clear 1080p image and works well in different lighting conditions.
The C920's autofocus feature is a real plus. It can adjust on-the-fly—quite handy when you're moving around during gameplay. Still, if you want to venture into the realm of professional streaming and push for greater visual quality, consider a DSLR or mirrorless camera as these offer remarkable depth and clarity.
- Key Characteristic: Provides 1080p video quality
- Advantages: Autofocus feature
- Disadvantages: Quality may diminish in low light
Lighting Solutions
Good lighting can turn a mediocre stream into something extraordinary. Ring lights are quite on trend among streamers, as they evenly illuminate your face and reduce shadows. A ring light is quite simple to set up, and its circular bulbs give a flattering look.
However, keep in mind that too much direct light can wash you out, resulting in a visual you'd want to avoid. Combining ring lights with softboxes can create a more balanced light setup, which is widely accepted among professional streamers.
- Key Characteristic: Even, flattering light
- Advantages: Simple setup and affordable
- Disadvantages: Risk of overexposure without proper control
Internet Connection Requirements
A robust internet connection can spell the difference between seamless streaming and pixelated agony. Ideally, for streaming at 1080p, you should have an upload speed of at least 5 Mbps. Don't forget that using Ethernet rather than WiFi minimizes lag, giving you a more stable experience.
Install a speed test app to keep tabs on your connection. If your speed fluctuates often, it may be wise to consult with your Internet Service Provider about your options. A smooth connection is key—because if your stream buffering is the main attraction, you're bound to lose your audience's interest fast.
Selecting Streaming Software
When it comes to bringing your gaming prowess to the digital stage, selecting the right streaming software becomes a paramount decision in the journey of every Twitch streamer. This step is not just another box to check off; it embodies the foundation of your streaming experience. From creating eye-catching layouts to managing audio controls, the right software can be the difference between a lackluster stream and a vibrant, engaging broadcast that draws viewers in.
The benefits are manifold: intuitive interfaces, customization options, and seamless integration with other platforms can propel your channel to new heights. It’s essential to weigh your options carefully and choose software that aligns with both your technical comfort level and your streaming aspirations.
Popular Streaming Software Options
OBS Studio
OBS Studio stands as a robust player in the world of streaming software, favored by many for its open-source nature. One key characteristic that sets it apart is its extensive customization capabilities—users can tailor their layout extensively. This flexibility allows for a high degree of personalization, which can significantly enhance the viewer's experience. The ability to add scenes, transitions, and numerous sources makes OBS Studio not only a versatile tool but also a universal favorite among streamers.
The unique feature of plugin support means that you can add functionality to match your specific needs. Whether you’re a seasoned pro or just dipping your toes into the streaming waters, you’ll find that OBS Studio’s learning curve, albeit slightly steep, rewards those who invest time in mastering it. The downsides, however, include its requirement for a bit of a tech-savvy mindset, which can be daunting for newcomers.
Streamlabs OBS
Streamlabs OBS takes the baton from its predecessor, OBS Studio, and adds a layer of user-friendliness that many appreciate. Its hallmark characteristic is the streamlined setup process designed to cater to those who may find tech intimidating. With built-in templates and overlays, you can look professional right from the get-go. The ease of chat integration and donation alerts can significantly enhance user interaction during streams.
One of the unique features is its all-in-one dashboard, which allows streamers to monitor chat, alerts, and performance stats without flipping between multiple windows. This creates a more cohesive and less distracted streaming environment, inviting over more viewers. However, some might find that the advanced customization options are somewhat limited compared to OBS Studio, which can be a downer for those who prefer a more tailored approach.
XSplit
On the scene comes XSplit, a choice that has carved its niche primarily among those who prefer smooth usability. XSplit’s ease of use is its standout trait—it's perfect for those who want to dive straight into streaming without getting bogged down in technical details. It offers a user-friendly interface that's geared toward eliminating confusion at every step.
A notable unique feature is its direct streaming options to different platforms, allowing you to reach an audience on multiple channels simultaneously. While XSplit may be less flexible when it comes to customization compared to OBS Studio, it compensates with powerful features like scene transitions and integrated performance stats. On the flip side, this software comes with a subscription model that can add up, which might not sit well with everyone.
Setting Up Your Chosen Software
Once you've selected your streaming software, the next significant step is setting it up correctly. The installation process should be smooth, but it can still come with its quirks. Most streaming software downloads come packaged with user guides and forums filled with tips. This offers support as you dive into the nitty-gritty of installation, ensuring your experience is as seamless as possible without a beginner’s headache.
Installation Process
The installation process of your chosen software varies widely based on the platform. Generally, the software can be downloaded directly from the official website. Once downloaded, running the installer is usually straightforward—just follow on-screen prompts. Keep in mind that ensuring your PC meets the system requirements is vital to prevent any hiccups.
A beneficial aspect of the installation process is the community support available, with numerous guides and discussions on forums like reddit.com designed to troubleshoot common issues. On the downside, getting the latest version or dealing with constant updates can disrupt workflow, especially when a stream is just around the corner.
Basic Configuration
The basic configuration phase is where your software begins to take shape for your needs. This includes setting up audio and video sources, overlaying graphics, and choosing output settings. You’ll want to ensure that the configurations align with your streaming goals, optimizing for quality without sacrificing performance.
A standout characteristic of basic configuration is how accessible it can be with user-friendly tutorials available across many platforms. Streamers often appreciate the step-by-step guides provided within the software itself. However, while some find standard default settings to be suitable, a one-size-fits-all setup might not cater to your unique style or content, necessitating further tweaking as you evolve your streaming skills.
Configuring Your Stream Settings
Setting up your stream settings is a crucial element of becoming a successful Twitch streamer. This is where you mold your streaming experience to fit your style while ensuring viewers receive high-quality content. Properly configured settings not only enhance visual appeal but also improve audio clarity so that every word and action resonates with the audience.
In this section, we’ll address key points like the importance of your stream key, the ideal video and audio settings, and ways to customize your layout. By investing time into these details, you’ll create a professional and immersive viewing experience for your audience, helping to build a loyal following.
Setting Up Your Stream Key
Your stream key is the golden ticket for broadcasting to Twitch. It's a unique identifier that links your broadcasting software to your Twitch account. Failing to keep this secure can result in unwanted individuals streaming on your channel, an absolute nightmare for any aspiring streamer. To set it up, you need to navigate to your Twitch settings:
- Log into Twitch.
- Go to Dashboard.
- Click on Settings and then Stream.
- Find your stream key there and copy it.
After obtaining your key, you’ll input it into your streaming software. In OBS Studio, for instance:
- Go to Settings
- Click on Stream
- Paste your key in the designated box.
Be sure to save your settings, or you’ll find yourself hoisting the proverbial sail without a rudder when trying to go live.
Optimal Video and Audio Settings
Next up is tuning both video and audio settings to suit your content. It’s essential that your viewers can see and hear you clearly, otherwise they might bounce quicker than a ping pong ball!
For video, start by considering the resolution and frame rate:
- Resolution: 1920 x 1080 is commonly accepted as full HD. However, if your PC isn’t high-end, consider dropping to 1280 x 720.
- Frame Rate: Aim for either 30 or 60 FPS. Higher frame rates can deliver smoother gameplay, but require beefier hardware.
On the audio side, clarity is king:
- Use a bit rate of around 128-192 Kbps for your audio settings to guarantee rich sound.
- Consider checking out your microphone’s sensitivity. Picking up too much background noise can put folks off and lower your professionalism.
"Configuring your settings properly is the bedrock of engaging streaming. You could have the flashiest graphics in the biz, but if your audio is poor, viewers will tune out and look for better content."
Customizing Your Stream Layout
Although a professional-looking layout might not seem imperative, it significantly influences viewer experience. A well-organized stream layout helps keep your audience engaged and visually guides them through your content.
Start with the basic elements:
- Webcam Feed: Position your webcam feed in a way that it doesn’t obstruct gameplay while still making you visible. Placing it in a corner can often work.
- Overlay Graphics: Personalized overlays can showcase your brand and personality. Tools like Streamlabs provide a variety of options here.
- Chat Window: Displaying your chat can encourage interaction. Make sure it’s readable but doesn’t clutter the screen.
In essence, your layout should be clean, informative, and aligned with your streaming identity. Keeping your viewers' focus on both your content and on your unique presentation style can make a world of difference.
Mastering these aspects of stream settings is pivotal. As you fine-tune each element, you’ll find that your confidence grows, which, combined with solid content, lays a solid path toward building an engaging and loyal Twitch community.
Enhancing Viewer Engagement
When it comes to streaming, the line between a solitary playthrough and a vibrant community experience is often drawn by viewer engagement. In the bustling world of Twitch, simply broadcasting gameplay is not enough. To stand out in a sea of content creators, streamers must actively cultivate an interactive atmosphere that encourages viewers to participate, form connections, and return for more. Engaging your audience can elevate a casual viewer into a dedicated fan and can significantly contribute to the overall growth of your channel.
Utilizing Chat Features
Chat on Twitch is more than just a segmented flow of text; it serves as the heartbeat of a stream. Utilizing the chat effectively means acknowledging viewer input, responding to questions, and creating moments of camaraderie. By actively engaging with comments, streamers can build a rapport that feels personal. For instance, when a viewer drops a compliment, responding with a genuine thank you can make a notable difference. While it seems trivial, this little recognition gives the viewer a sense of belonging, encouraging them to stay longer.
Another way to enhance chat engagement is by using chatbots. Tools like Streamlabs Chatbot can assist with interactive games and polls that keep viewers invested. This tech can even automate responses to common questions, allowing streamers to focus on their gameplay while still interacting with viewers. If your chat features a poll or mini-game, viewers might feel more inclined to stick around, sharing their thoughts or competing against each other.
Incorporating Alerts and Notifications
In addition to general chat engagement, using alerts and notifications has shown to be a game changer. Twitch offers a robust alerts system that can be integrated into streaming software. These notifications can serve as a surefire way to acknowledge viewer contributions and keep up the excitement.
Donations
Donations play a crucial role in a streamer’s ecosystem. When a viewer chooses to support a streamer through financial contributions, using alerts to recognize those donations can’t be overlooked. It’s significant because it shows appreciation for the support, weaving the donator further into the community fabric. Through platforms like Streamlabs, when someone sends a donation, a custom alert can pop up on the screen along with a personal message from the donor, creating a shared moment between the streamer and the viewer. These alerts can be both a blessing and a curse, though; the potential for over-saturation with alerts on screen can distract from the gameplay and overwhelm viewers if not managed carefully.
New Followers
Welcoming new followers with a customized alert can further deepen viewer engagement. When someone clicks that follow button, using an eye-catching alert not only acknowledges their support but also encourages them to stick around. It's a reciprocal relationship; they show interest in your content, and you show recognition of their engagement. Alerts for followers often come with a personal touch, such as a unique sound or animation, making the experience memorable. However, one should be cautious not to let the excitement of welcome messages drown out the main content. Too many notifications can lead to a disjointed viewing experience, so balance is key.
Interaction Strategies
Having a clear set of interaction strategies can set a streamer apart in a crowded market. This goes beyond just responding to chat messages. Asking viewers questions, inviting them to share their gaming experiences, or even letting them dictate certain in-game decisions can make a stream feel collaborative.
Streamers could also run themed streams or events, where specific chat interactions could unlock special in-game content or rewards, fostering a unique sense of community. Establishing a consistent interactive agenda means that viewers will always have something to look forward to. And that, in this fast-paced digital environment, is pure gold.
Publishing Your Stream
When you're ready to show the world your gaming skills or simply share your thoughts during a gameplay session, the step of publishing your stream becomes essential. It's not just about clicking the "go live" button; there’s a multitude of little details that come into play, each one pivotal to ensuring your stream reaches the right audience and makes the impact you desire.
Publishing your stream effectively can create a ripple effect. It can attract viewers not only based on your gameplay but also due to how well you present your brand. Think of your stream as a first impression—if it falls flat, you might miss out on that all-important engagement. Here's where some basic elements come into spotlight, along with their benefits:
- Stream Title: This is your hook. A catchy and descriptive title can draw people in. It’s essentially your stream’s welcome mat—make it inviting.
- Tags: These are your stream's SEO keywords. They help categorize your content, making it easier for potential viewers to find you amid a sea of other streamers.
By carefully crafting these elements, you set the stage for a successful streaming experience. You’ll want to consider your audience and what might appeal to them. This blend of strategy and creativity will ultimately serve your channel in the long run.
"It's not just about playing; it's about connecting with your audience every chance you get."
In the realm of eSports, where competition is fierce and attention spans are short, making a strong initial connection is vital. Consider putting in the effort, whether it’s brainstorming engaging titles or taking time to sift through the right tags. Every bit counts.
Going Live: The Final Checklist
Before pressing that elusive "go live" button, there’s a checklist that can save you from potential mishaps. Think of this as your safety net, ensuring everything is aligned just right:
- Confirmation of Equipment: Double-check that your mic and camera are functioning as they should. A good stream is only as strong as its weakest link.
- Stable Internet Connection: Test your upload speed to ensure you won't face an embarrassing lag or drop in stream quality.
- Alerts and Notifications: Ensure your alerts are set up properly; they can engage viewers right from the get-go.
Take a moment to visualize how your stream should flow. You'll want it to be smooth and engaging, just like a well-rehearsed dance.
Stream Title and Tags
The importance of your stream title and tags cannot be overstated. Your title should have that sparkle, making it stand out yet also be descriptive of what viewers can expect. If you’re diving into a new game, for instance, a title like "First Impressions of Cyberpunk 2077 | Live Gameplay!” can indicate exactly what the viewer is getting.
For tags, think strategically—use a blend of general and specific keywords. For instance, if you're playing Dota 2, tags like “Dota 2,”
Post-Streaming Considerations
After you hit the end stream button, you might think your work is over, but nothing could be further from the truth. Post-streaming considerations are crucial for optimizing your future broadcasts and building a sustainable community. They cover aspects such as analyzing performance, engaging with your audience, and strategically planning for future streams. Grabbing the right insights during this phase can mean the difference between stagnation and significant growth as a streamer.
Analyzing Stream Performance
Diving into the analytics of your stream is like peeling back the curtains to see what your audience truly thinks. You can gauge a lot from viewer retention rates, chat activity, and peak viewership. Tools like Twitch's built-in analytics can help you track metrics such as average viewers and engagement rates. By reflecting on this data, you can identify not only what content resonates but also the times when your audience is most active.
Consider the following when analyzing:
- Viewer Retention: Did people stay for the entire stream, or drop off halfway through?
- Chat Activity: Were viewers actively participating or just watching?
- Time of Day: Did the time slot affect your viewer count?
Don’t forget to collect qualitative feedback too. Engaging in post-stream chats and asking viewers for their opinions can provide insights that numbers alone might miss.
Engaging with Your Community After Streaming
Your relationship with the community doesn’t have to end when the stream stops. In fact, this is when it can really flourish. Take the time to respond to chat comments or messages you may have missed. Follow up on topics discussed during the stream or promote upcoming content. It's a good idea to check your social media platforms like Facebook or even Reddit for discussions related to your stream.
Here are some ways to keep the engagement alive:
- Social Media Interaction: Share highlights or clips on your platforms. Consider hosting Q&A sessions.
- Discord Channels: If you have a community Discord, encourage discussions, polls, or gaming sessions among followers. This makes them feel like they're part of something.
- Thank Your Supporters: Acknowledging donations or new followers in your next broadcast can enhance loyalty.
Fostering a welcoming environment, where viewers feel valued, can turn casual spectators into dedicated fans.
Setting Goals for Future Streams
Once you’ve digested the analytical feedback and engaged with your followers, it's time to think ahead. Goal-setting is like having a roadmap for your future streams, providing direction and purpose. As your audience grows, define what success means for you. Is it about gaining more subscribers, improving your engagement rates, or maybe trying out new types of content?
Here are some considerations for your goals:
- Content Diversification: Are there new games or genres that interest you? Perhaps take suggestions from viewers.
- Technology Upgrades: Looking at your stream's performance can reveal where improvements are needed. Maybe it’s time to upgrade equipment based on viewer feedback.
- Frequency of Streams: Consider setting a consistent schedule to help maintain and grow your audience.
By setting specific, measurable goals, you can assess your progress more effectively. 🗺️ Utilizing tools to track your objectives can help maintain your focus and ensure you’re steering the ship in the right direction.
" In streaming, every interaction counts. Nurturing your community while plotting out your next steps is key."
The post-streaming phase might not shine as bright as the live event, but it’s undeniably where the real growth occurs. Embrace these considerations to enhance not just your streaming game but your overall community engagement as well.
Finale and Future Steps
Wrapping up your Twitch streaming adventure is like putting the final touches on a masterpiece. It's essential not just to understand the mechanics of streaming but to recognize how to leverage everything you've learned for ongoing success. The conclusion isn't just an end, but a launchpad into future opportunities. This article serves as a roadmap, guiding you through from the initial spark of considering your streaming goals to the intricate balance of enhancing viewer engagement.
In the streaming game, the importance of recapping key practices cannot be overstated. Reviewing the essentials you’ve put into practice solidifies your understanding and paves the way for continuous improvement. These practices could include refining your technical setup, maintaining a consistent streaming schedule, and fostering an engaging atmosphere for your viewers. Understanding these elements empowers you to build a community rather than merely attract an audience. Additionally, tracking your progress helps keep your motivations aligned with your streaming goals.
Moreover, the future steps in your streaming journey encourage exploration beyond Twitch itself. Consider exploring off-site opportunities. Platforms such as YouTube and even social media channels like Facebook can amplify your reach and engagement. Multi-streaming, sharing clips of your streams, or engaging with fans through these platforms might increase visibility, ultimately leading to a more robust streaming career.
"If you’re only playing in one field, you’re missing out on the whole game."
By tapping into these off-site resources, you can create additional touchpoints with your audience. The beauty of this approach is that it caters to diverse preferences. Some folks might prefer brief highlights on Instagram rather than a long session on Twitch, while others might want to interact on Reddit. Building your brand is about meeting your audience where they are.
As you move forward, keep in mind the importance of adaptability. The realm of esports and streaming is ever-evocative, constantly changing and evolving based on gamer trends and technological advancements. Stay informed about the latest tools and strategies that can enhance your performance. As the wheels of your streaming journey are set into motion, never peg your ambitions. Aim to evolve, expand, and explore, and you’ll find yourself carving out a niche in the bustling world of Twitch streaming.
